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What are modal verbs? Modal verbs show possibility, intent, ability, or necessity. Common examples of modal verbs include  can ,  should , and  must . Because they’re a type of  auxiliary verb  (helper verb), they’re used alongside the  infinitive form  of the main  verb  of a sentence. Modal verbs are used to express certain hypothetical conditions, such as advisability, capability, or requests (there’s a full list in the next section). They’re used alongside a main verb to inflect its meaning. Consider the difference between these two examples: I  swim  every Tuesday. I  can swim  every Tuesday.  

  A   relative pronoun  is a pronoun that’s used to introduce a relative clause. The main English relative pronouns are   which ,   that ,   who , and   whom . These words can also function as other parts of speech—they aren’t exclusively used as relative pronouns. A relative clause introduces further information about the preceding  noun  or  noun phrase , either helping to identify what it refers to (in a restrictive clause) or just providing extra details (in a nonrestrictive clause). The  relative clause  comes after a noun or noun phrase (called the  antecedent ) and gives some additional information about the thing or person in question. The  relative pronoun  represents the antecedent.

Present simple and present continuous We can use the present simple to talk about things we do regularly. We can use the present continuous to talk about things we are doing now. I  play  basketball every Sunday. I 'm playing  hockey now. She  eats  fruit every day. She 's eating  an apple now. How to use them For the present simple, add  s  or  es  for  he ,  she  and  it . For the negative, use  don't  for  I ,  you ,  we  and  they , and  doesn't  for  he ,  she  and  it . I  watch  cartoons every day. I  don't watch  the news. My dad  makes  dinner every evening. He  doesn't make  lunch. For the present continuous, use  am ,  is  or  are  and  ing . For the negative, use  not . I 'm going  to the park now. I 'm not going  to school. She 's studying  English now. She  isn't studying  maths. For present simple questions, use  do  for  I ,  you ,  we  and  they  and  does  for  he ,  she  and  it . For present continuous questions, change the or